Tax on Producers and Consumers Free Essays

string(159) a resulting increment in cost, as the organization gives expenses to shoppers, with the evacuation of a tidy up appropriation (seen with the expansion from P1 to P2). Question 1 Figure 1. 1-An assessment on Producers an) I) Equilibrium Price and Quantity before charge: 100-10Q = 20 +10Q ? 20Q = 80 ? Q = 4 When Q = 4, P = 60 ? Harmony value approaches $60 and balance amount is 4 million ii) Consumer Surplus = ? x 4 x 40 = 80 Producer Surplus = ? x 4 x 40 = 80 iii) An effective market happens when all out excess is boosted. This balance of P = 60 and Q = 4 has boosted customer and maker surplus similarly. We will compose a custom exposition test on Expense on Producers and Consumers or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now It is now where the minor expense of creation rises to peripheral advantage. Question 1 cont. b) I) After overwhelming a duty of $20, being demanded on the makers, the cost paid by purchasers is $70 and the cost got by venders is $50 per unit of cell phones sold at the diminished amount provided of 3 million. This is delineated in figure 1. 1 with the move in the flexibly bend from S1 to S2. ii) Consumer Surplus = ? x 3 x 30 = 45 Producer Surplus = ? x 3 x 30 = 45 iii) There is a reduction in the all out overflow after the execution of an assessment on cell phones. A considerable bit of the all out excess has been redistributed to government charge income, be that as it may, there is a deadweight misfortune. Negligible social advantages surpass minor social expenses, bringing about wasteful aspects inside the market for cell phones. c) Expected Total Revenue = 3 x 20 = $60 million Expected Deadweight Loss = 2 ( ? x 1 x 10 ) = $10 million d) The appropriation of genuine frequency is the measure of weight of an expense shared between the purchaser and vender. This proposed charge shares the weight of the $20 similarly among purchasers and merchants. The appropriation of genuine rate on purchasers is a $10 ascend in the cost paid on dealers is the $10 decline in cost got for every cell phone. e) Elasticity of Demand = Ave. P x ? Q Ave. Q ? P = 65 x (- 1) 3. 5 10 = - 1. 857142857 ? Versatility of Demand rises to 1. 857 The Elasticity of interest is more prominent than one which implies the interest for cell phones is flexible. The rate decline in the amount requested surpasses the rate increment in cost. This duty would mean as there is a 1% expansion in value there is a 1. 57% decline in amount. There is additionally a reduction in the all out income as the cost increments. Question 2 |â |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |100 |5 | |India |90 |3 | Figure 2. †Thailand’s Production Possibility Frontier Figure 2. 2-India’s Production Possibility Frontier Question 2 cont. |â |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |36 |1080 | |India |40 |1800 | c) Points found in Figure 2. what's more, Figure 2. 2 d) †T hailand’s opportunity cost of creating 1 printer is 20kgs of Rice †Thailand’s opportunity cost of delivering 1 Kg of rice is 1/twentieth of a printer †India’s opportunity cost of delivering 1 printer is 30kgs of rice †India’s opportunity cost of creating 1kg of rice is 1/30th of a printer Thailand ought to represent considerable authority in the creation of printers as it has a higher relative bit of leeway. This has been accomplished as there is a lower opportunity cost in the creation of printers in Thailand contrasted with India.  |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |90 |0 | |India |0 |3000 | Specialization has lead to an expansion in the consolidated yield for the two nations. Thailand has expanded its printer yield by 54 and India has expanded rice yield by 1200kgs. ) Consumption group after exchange |â |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |42 |1200 | |India |48 |1800 | Consumption focuses after exchange for nations Thailand and India are named â€Å"H† and â€Å"N† in Figure 2. 1 and Figure 2. 2 separately. Exchange has profited to the two nations. Thailand has expanded their utilization group with an expansion in kilograms of rice from 1080 to 1200 and expanded its PCs from 36 to 42. India has expanded their utilization group with their expansion in printers from 40 to 48. Question 3 Figure 3. 1-Nuclear Electricity Market a) The balance point e1 is affected by wasteful results of an appropriation. The appropriation realizes overproduction, spoke to by the amount Q1. This overproduction brings down the cost, or private expenses of the tidy up for the organization. Minor expenses are expanded as the higher creation powers wasteful asset allotment. ) If the sponsorship is expelled there will be a general increment in the productivity inside this market. The flexibly will diminish, showed in Figure 3. 1 with the leftward move in the flexibly bend from S1 to S2. The private expense of atomic vitality creation would mirror the genuine expense of creation, including fiasco clean-ups. The expansion in cost can likewise be found in Fig ure 3. 1 with the cost from P1 to P2. There would be a subsequent reduction in the amount of atomic vitality and stop the wasteful overproduction and utilization of constrained assets. ) If the administration forces a protection demand charge on the force organization the expense of an atomic tidy up will be higher than the expense with a tidy up appropriation yet will be lower than costs brought about if the force organization needed to retain the whole money related weight. The protection duty would make another gracefully bend, showed in Figure 3. 1 with S3, as the marked down expense of a tidy up takes into account more noteworthy atomic vitality creation at a lower cost. The amount increment is seen with the development from Q2 to Q3 and the lessening in cost of creation is seen with the development from P2 to P3. Question 3 cont. ) The three harmonies accomplished change in the weight sharing and effectiveness of a sponsorship, an assessment and no intercession in the atomic v itality advertise. Government intercession with the tidy up endowment (spoke to with e1) decreases private expenses of creation and tidy up. This achieves wasteful aspects as the genuine expense of creation, including clean-ups after fiascos, isn't reflected in cost of P1. The diminished expense in this situation likewise prompts overproduction and a wasteful amount of Q1 provided. The most proficient market where peripheral social advantages equivalent minimal social expenses is appeared at the harmony point e2. The genuine expense of creation including negative externalities is meant and there is an ensuing increment in cost, as the organization gives expenses to purchasers, with the evacuation of a tidy up endowment (seen with the expansion from P1 to P2). You read Assessment on Producers and Consumers in classification Article models The expansion in value prompts a decline in the amount of atomic vitality requested and a leftward move in the gracefully bend from S1 to S2. The inconvenience of a protection demand has diminished the cost of an atomic calamity tidy up as the force organization is currently soothed of part of the whole budgetary weights. This lessening in the cost of a tidy up is found in Figure 3. with the diminishing in cost from P2 to P3. There is an expansion in amount requested, seen with the increment from Q2 to Q3 and there is an expansion in the gracefully of atomic vitality creation. This new harmony e3 isn't the most proficient point in the atomic creation advertis e yet takes into consideration an expansion sought after of the most practical vitality age The point e3 would be generally advantageous to society as there is an expansion in efficiencies with the expulsion of an administration tidy up endowment yet the force organization doesn’t wear the whole money related weights of further atomic calamity clean-ups. There is an expansion in the cost of atomic creation, nonetheless, this point P3 Q3 speaks to a more pleasant and more financially savvy method of lessening the expenses of future atomic catastrophes as less duty has fallen on the makers of this vitality. Question 4 a) Figure 4. 1 iii) A populace reduction will diminish the interest of this mediocre great. This is delineated in Figure 4. 1 with the interest bend moving to one side from D1 to D2. An expansion in the profitability builds the yield amount utilizing a similar measure of information. This expansion in gracefully is seen with the flexibly bend move to one side from S1 to S2. The joined lessening popular and increment in gracefully has marked down the cost of this great from P1 to P2. Another balance, e2, has been shaped at the focuses P2 Q2. Question 4 cont. b) Figure 4. 2 iii) As livelihoods increment the utilization of sub-par products decline. This diminishing popular is appeared in Figure 4. 2 with the interest bend moving to one side from D1 to D2 to shape the amount requested Q2. The expanded cost of sources of info and accordingly creation costs has diminished the creation profitability. This loss of efficiency is outlined through the leftward move of the gracefully bend from S1 to S2. Another balance has been shaped at the focuses P2 Q2. Question 4 cont. c) Figure 4. 3 iii) The interest for mediocre merchandise increments as earnings decline. This expansion popular is shown in Figure 4. 3 with the rightward move of the interest bend from D1 to D2 and the amount requested increment from Q1 to Q2. As the quantity of firms in the market decline the value intensity impact debilitates. Less rivalry takes into account an expansion in the cost, found in the move from P1 to P2. The joined impact of an expansion in amount requested (Q1 to Q2) and increment in value (P1 to P2) has framed another balance point, e2 (P2, Q2), with the move in the interest bend to one side. Question 4 cont. d) Figure 4. 4 iii) There is an abatement popular of the second rate great as the customer inclination for this great decline. The item is utilized along with a supplement item. An expansion in the cost of a supplement item will likewise diminish the interest of the mediocre great. This reduction sought after is shown in Figure 4. with the change from Q1 to

INFORMING PUBLIC POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Educating PUBLIC POLICY - Essay Example From the start, the creators give us a ‘brief history’ of the diary and look at the job famous characters, for example, Jeremy Travis in considering a diary for breaking the hole between strategy research and criminal equity arrangement. As per Clear and Frost (2007), the best thing about the diary was that it looked to â€Å"simultaneously keep up a high level of scholastic believability and educate open policy† (p.633). The diary maintained a spread system to keep away from the imprisonment of strategy important research to the scholarly world. The American Society of Criminology (ASC), under the administration of Lawrence Sherman, made the diary its official distribution. From 2004 onwards, the diary was completely bolstered by the ASC. On account of this joint effort, CPP contacted numerous strategy composers through the hierarchical system of ASC. Critically, the diary had a skillet American reach. Absolutely, its boundless conveyance was the consequence of a n amazing media spread methodology including U.S. Newswire and Rubenstein Associates. Criminology and Public Policy was a prominent achievement in wording both course and quality. Among the newcomer diaries, CPP holds its head high. The class of ‘reaction essays’ was the significant fascination of the diary, which was requested from the journalists by the editors themselves. The creators are of the view that connecting with the media is a troublesome assignment and advanced the somewhat intriguing articulation about criminologists that they are â€Å"very hesitant to offer authoritative approach suggestions and every now and again incorporate a large group of provisos to any of the suggestions that they do raise† (p.636). They likewise give record of the troubles relating to drawing solid approach details from experimental inquires about. This issue emerges out of the very idea of criminological experimental research, for example exact

Leading by Virtue Essay

Ideals and Values are essential to human services today. Ideals and qualities are not about what an individual needs to be, yet rather excellencies and qualities are about who an individual truly is. Any progressions or choices will consistently require individuals or even the patient’s to analyze their qualities and ethics. ( Sheryl, 2010). Ideals can be characterized as the contrast among great and awful individuals meaning useful quality or good greatness. A few instances of temperances incorporate being straightforward or trustworthiness and equity being what is considered dynamic standards of righteousness that are good. An individual is viewed as upright on the off chance that they make the wisest decision and what is acceptable not by propensity, yet just by the guidelines of direct they decide to follow or set. Another case of righteousness is steadfastness which is constancy or keeping your statement and commitments and responsibilities to others or patients. (Pogzar, 2012). Qualities are lead that is standard. A worth is utilized for deciding whether an activity is fortunate or unfortunate. Qualities are gauges that can be estimated concerning goodness in a person’s life. Qualities can likewise change in the event that we need them to. Qualities can even some of the time inspire individuals. Everybody makes decisions dependent on what they esteem or has worth. (Pogzar, 2012). Despite the fact that worth is all around everybody it is regularly not perceived. In human services today, there is absolute understanding that qualities are lessoning. Human services is presently reflecting social orders who are increasingly heterogeneous (unique) and much progressively open to assorted types of living with various qualities. At the point when esteems comes in clear view that is when esteems are normally recognized. (Petrova, Dale and Fulford, (2006). There are a few contrasts among temperances and qualities, despite the fact that these two words are frequently befuddled between one another. At the point when an individual has a character of being righteous this is significant in light of the fact that it comprises of things, for example, being straightforward, trustworthiness and extraordinary hard working attitude. Every one of the three of these qualities of having excellencies are significant in thinking about the patients we are assume to serve. It is even workable for 2 individuals to have esteems that are unique and still be idealistic. (Sheryl, 2006). Qualities, then again, are not viewed as genuine or calming in nature. Things that are esteemed incorporate charitable effort, creative articulation, funniness and music. Different instances of significant worth incorporate esteeming the time you go through with your youngsters, thinking about your folks might be of an incentive to an individual, A distinction in age may influence a person’s esteem framework, for example, what an individual esteemed or didn't esteemed at 25 might be the contrary when they turn 50 years old. (Petrova, Dale and Fulford, (2006). How do ideals and qualities influence one’s character? Prudence and qualities can influence one’s character from various perspectives and particular kinds of qualities are sure, manage you to character attributes that wind up being moral excellencies. With these qualities and temperances following right behind, can really make an actual existence that is acceptable and fruitful. This effect on ones character can influence an individual actually, scholastically and expertly. In ideals a person’s character will characterize their moral character. Worth can influence one’s character adversely or decidedly. Not all qualities will prompt ethics, yet lead to gadgets. Not all worth frameworks are acceptable, however lead to exploitative conduct. ((Abbott, 2012). How are ethics and qualities gained? Temperances are interior characteristics obtained that an individual has that shows attributes of their great conduct. Qualities, then again, are scholarly. (Benn, 2012). How might they be useful in settling human services moral situations? At whatever point moral predicaments show up there are frequently decisions that should be made that may have upsetting outcomes. For parental figures, moral issues may winding up breaking what is ordinary or cause logical inconsistencies some moral qualities. Instances of moral quandaries are: Abortion issues (Pro-life or Pro-decision), pregnancy because of assault or interbreeding, option to-kick the bucket, a case of attempting to choose dependent on ideals and qualities. (Pozgar, 2012). Recognize and talk about a wellbeing related case in which temperances and qualities had an influence. The wellbeing related contextual investigation where ideals and qualities had an influence in includes a 20-year old, pregnant Jehovah’s Witness lady who would not have a blood transfusion after she had been in a fender bender. The patient showed up in the crisis room showing side effects of interior draining and the clinical group needed to give her a blood transfusion and crisis medical procedure to attempt to spare her and her child. The youthful patient declined the blood transfusion dependent on her confidence in the Jehovah’s Witness training where they encourage their individuals to not to get blood transfusions and this patient’s spouse was in concurrence with this conviction too. This youthful couple esteem framework seems to remember a solid confidence for the educating of the Jehovah’s Witness that they would hazard the loss of the lady and the unborn youngster to respect their conviction. This couple even had composed documentation of their conviction to not get blood transfusions. In the worth arrangement of the crisis room it included was the prosperity of this patient and the unborn multi week child against the woman’s strict conviction that she expressed. The medical clinic as of now had just 2 choices which are acknowledge the patient’s wish to not get blood transfusion or attempt to get a court request. This social insurance group decided to respect the desires of this youthful couple who were all around educated regarding the potential aftereffects of not getting the blood transfusion and C-segment, in view of ideals morals by regarding the self-sufficiency by respecting the choice of the patient. The 20-year elderly person and her child passes on. This lady had confidence in this educating so firmly that she expressed she preferably kick the bucket over conflict with the lessons of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. (Pacsi, 2008). For the situation study including the 20-year, pregnant lady we perceive how the ethics and qualities that we have confidence in and live by can assume a critical job in issues including our wellbeing. There is no mystery that Jehovah Witnesses firmly accept that their individuals and others ought not get blood transfusion regardless of whether it implies the blood that they would get might spare their life. On account of this young lady her qualities and convictions were so inculcated in the lessons of the Jehovah’s Witnesses she was happy to bite the dust and cause the demise of her multi week infant since she additionally was declining to have a C-segment that could have spared the life of her unborn youngster. Since the lady was acquired from a solitary auto collision with side effects of draining inside time assumed a job on the grounds that the social insurance group expected to move rapidly. This couple accepted so emphatically in this refusal of blood transfusion that they had documentation to help their conviction. Since patients refusal of intercessions and blood transfusions seem to getting increasingly normal, medicinal services suppliers need to have this issue instructed about in nursing educational plan. This is an unpredictable issue and attendants particularly new ones should be appropriately prepared on the most proficient method to deal with this kind of circumstance if it somehow happened to emerge. Despite the fact that the lessons of Jehovah Witnesses is against blood transfusion, in crisis circumstances that their individuals have their development orders and other legitimate papers if there should arise an occurrence of crisis which seems, by all accounts, to be what this young lady had done. This is a moral issue that human services suppliers are confronted with and need to realize what the best possible strides to take before a crisis circumstance, for example, this case shows up in the crisis room. The staff for this situation decided to respect the strict qualities and convictions of this couple where the mother passed on alongside her unborn child. The clinical staff for this situation additionally felt that the standard of value, which focuses on advancing the prosperity of others, was respected for this situation, just as the guideline of nonmaleficence, which means they didn't perpetrate any mischief on this patient by regarding her desires. For this situation we likewise observe the nursing ethics of good fortitude, confidence and empathy in having the option to comprehend this circumstance. . References: Abbott, L. (2012). What is a Value? What is a Virtue? Recovered from site http://www. odysseyofthefuture. net/pdf_files/Readings/EthicalCharDevWrkshp. pdf Sheryl, (2010). Ethics and Values †Matters of Importance. Recovered from site http://bestyears. com/blog/? p=257 Pacsi, A. , (2008). Contextual analysis: A moral choice including a perishing quiet. Recovered from site http://www. thefreelibrary. com/Case+study%3a+an+ethical+dilemma+involving+a+dying+patient. - a0184801424. Petrova, M. , Dale, J. , and Fulford, B. , (2006). Qualities based practice in essential consideration: facilitating the strains between people esteems, moral standards and best proof. English Journal of General Practice, 56(530). Recovered from site http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876638/. Pozgar, G. (2012). Lawful parts of medicinal services organization (eleventh ed. )

New Article Reveals the Low Down on College Eop Essay Samples and Why You Must Take Action Today

New Article Reveals the Low Down on College Eop Essay Samples and Why You Must Take Action Today The Chronicles of College Eop Essay Samples EssayEdge is the top application essay editing service on earth. There are lots of solutions to your essay writing needs online but some are far better than others. Choosing research paper topics for such essays is extremely easy but attention must be given as the ultimate aim is to win the competition. Receive a custom written paper and make sure your academic future. Don't forget, an admission essay sample may be a good way to find out more about the writing procedure and understand the task better. There are several different kinds of essays within college essays. As you are writing a college essay it's not enough in the event you write it in simple words. Now, utilizing a sample college essay isn't the exact same as plagiarism. These are a type of Opinion essays and are simple to choose and write. The right selection of essay topic can help you. You'll observe a similar structure in a lot of the essays. You may just select a couple of the most gripping moments from these types of experiences and talk about the total trajectory of your interests, and your essay is going to be a winner. A very simple joke may not land, but that truth grounds the full essay in reality and ought to give the reader a small smile. Because you're once more likely to be limited to 350 words, you won't be in a position to fit all the ways you exhibit your particular bit of awesomeness within this essay. Write the first thing which springs to mind when you think about a specific topic. Think freely, but you're not permitted to take into consideration anything else besides the topic available. College Eop Essay Samples Secrets Basically, the admissions folks wish to understand why their school is of specific interest to you. Many college applicants make the error of attempting to include all their accomplishments and activities in their application essays. For many students, it simply sounds too fantastic to be true. Usually, students aren't encouraged to express own ideas and give own assessments. Being in college might be a tiny struggle for some. If you chance to select an intriguing topic, your professor will acquire interested in your personality. Every college desires an application from every student who would like to receive admitted in the college. By doing that the student stays true to the very first paragraph in giving a very clear direction throughout the full essay. Be ready to speak about what you aspire to escape from the job, in terms of assisting students to be successful and happy. What's more, the program is intended to support students financially and academically as a way to give them a chance to finish a higher education degree while at the same time giving the support required to fulfill their whole potential. Not much creative skills are essential to compose such sort of College essays. Writing skills in college isn't restricted to essays. The Good, the Bad and College Eop Essay Samples At times it's helpful to observe how others were able to get over the difficult first-line hump. Still, consider what the experience most reveals about you. It's the details that truly make this little experience come alive. Not only do you have to demonstrate the way your leadership met the challenge you faced, but you also need to demonstrate the way the experience changed you. If you don't, you are able to actually hurt your odds of admission. Because that job is intimidating, it's often hard to choose where to begin. They're written entirely from scratch and totally free of plagiarism. Eventually, you'll end up with the exact same problem accusations of dishonesty and plagiarism. College Eop Essay Samples Options Unique things to various men and women, since the situation demanded. At times, the best method to learn and understand new information is by way of seeing and understanding work which is already completed. This essay is directed at giving out the advantages and the need of legalizing the usage of marijuana. The essay that's full of bad puns or off-color jokes will often wind up in the rejection pile.

Women Domestic Violence Offenders Lessons Of Violence...

Women Domestic Violence Offenders Cindy L. Seaman, Linda J. Rubin, and Sally D. Stabb, all affiliated with Texas Woman’s University, composed the article: Women Domestic Violence Offenders: Lessons of Violence and Survival 2007. In result of the growing problem of women that are more frequently being arrested for assaulting their partners, the need for exploration and research to investigate this phenomenon, along with women’s motivations for current violence, was necessary. The author’s purpose and intent of the article was to highlight current intervention methods of domestic abuse and causation of why women choose to assault. By exploring this epidemic, perhaps treatment intervention methods could be discovered and implemented. In the introduction Seaman, Rubin, and Stabb brought necessary insight to the controversy over family conflict studies opposed to crime studies. The inconsistency with both reports is crucial when looking at women in relation to domest ic abuse. This is because data conflicts. Family studies show an increase in both men and women abusers; claiming women abuse just as frequent as men. However, in crime studies and police statistics, reports indicate a much lower assault rate for women. Therefore, the authors chose a qualitative study, in hopes to discover why such data conflicts and to shed light on, perhaps, two different concepts altogether. The idea that couple-conflict is different from the idea of patriarchal terrorism, committed byShow MoreRelatedIntimate Partner Violence and Substance Abuse in Women Essay1970 Words   |  8 Pagespartner violence. (2013) It is estimated that twelve million people in the United States alone are affected each year. Intimate partner violence includes anything from physical or sexual abuse to psychological abuse to stalking or threats by a current or former partner. This form of violence can occur among couples that identify with any sexual orientation. 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The Wind Up Bird Chronicle And Dante Alighieri s Inferno

As literature continues to evolve throughout the ages, human experience remains a purpose that novelists cease to abandon regardless of the century. Haruki Murakami’s The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle and Dante Alighieri’s Inferno each disclose a meticulous narrative that elaborates on such human experiences through the recurring theme of understanding and accepting the idea of suffering. While Alighieri’s Inferno takes on a physical journey through a Hell that he represents as a city, Murakami assumes a psychological and abstract mindset while writing the metaphysical journey in The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle. Through the particular writing styles of each author, the extensive application of symbolism, and the unique setting of each protagonist, both authors contribute to the meaning of their books whether it be a psychological or physical approach. Though both pieces center on the commonality of suffering, Murakami and Alighieri each have their respective styles of writin g. Murakami’s The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle exudes his usual psychological approach to such matters: â€Å"Which is to say, I was able to separate from the physical self that was feeling the pain†¦ I was able to divide myself into a physical and nonphysical self†¦. When pain comes to me, I leave my physical self.† (Murakami 306). As a result of this particular style, the human experience is perceived as enigmatic and ambiguous in nature, varying from person to person: â€Å"We can invest enormous time and energy in serious

Effective Business Communication for Assessment - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEffective Business Communication forPractice Assessment. Answer: A reflective essay, as the name suggests, reflects upon the person writing the essay on a particular criteria or aspect, which they analyse themselves, through the use of some tool or module. These reflective essays help in providing a self reflection of the person who undertakes the particular module or tool. The present reflective essay is based on the self reflection of the writer where the communication skills of the writer have been analysed. This would help the writer in getting a clarity regarding the communication skills which they presently have, and more importantly, the communication skills which are needed for the writer to have a successful business life. In order to analyse these skills, the writer would use four distinctive diagnostic tools which were presented to the writer while undergoing the tutorials. These would highlight the different shortfalls of the writer in the communication skills area which would help the writer in working on these issues. The efforts put into improving the shortfalls in communication skills has been highlighted through drawing up an action plan through Gantt chart drawn at the end of this reflection. As this is a reflective essay, the discussion would not be based on first person. For analysing the communication skills which I presently have, I have applied five diagnostic tools, which had been properly approved by my tutor. In this regard, the first tool which I had used was one which is commonly used to analyse the communication apprehension of an individual and this was SPCC, which stands for Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale. This tool helped me in analysing my communications capabilities, when dealing with diversified situations of communications and where the receivers are also present in a wide range (McCroskey McCroskey, 1998). The second tool which I used for the purpose of this analysis was PRICA, i.e., Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension, which helped me in analysing the feelings I get when communicating with a person of different culture. This shows the different circumstances which I would be faced with and the manner in which I face them when communication with people of different ethnic or cultural background s (Neuliep McCroskey, 1997). The third diagnostic tool which I used was the NIS-S, i.e., Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report which depicts the persons immediacy when they communicate with others and use non-verbal immediate behaviour with others. This non verbal behaviour helps in determining the positivity of a person by engraining in non verbal communication (Richmond, McCroskey Johnson, 2003). The next tool which had been used for the purpose of this self reflection was Willingness to Listen Diagnostic which helps in determining the individuals orientation when they have to listen to others, which again is a crucial aspect of communication skills, because listening to others is as important as is communicating verbally or non verbally with others (Richmond Hickson, 2001). The last tool which I used was the Talkaholic Scale, which was to help me in understanding if I, as a person, talk a lot or not and would also show if I was a compulsive talker (McCroskey Richmond, 1995). Once I successfully finished filing and calculating my scores for the five diagnostic tools, I was able to examine and study the strengths, as well as, the weaknesses in my communication skills. The first used tool was SPCC where I attained an overall score of 58.33. This score was on the low side of SPCC which highlights upon my acute stage fright and the anxiety which I get when I have to speak in groups. I scored 33.3 in public, 0 in meeting, 100 in group, 100 in dyad, scored 50 in stranger, 50 in acquaintance and 75 in friend. The majority of these show that in public, with friends and even in meetings I am not very comfortable in putting forward my views and an apprehensive about communicating with them. The second tool I used was PRICA where I got a score of 32 and this indicated a low intercultural cultural awareness. This denoted that I am not very comfortable when I have to interact with the people from different cultural backgrounds. The next tool which I used was NIS-S where I got a score of 81 which is again on a low side which denotes that I do not use body language when it comes to interactions using non verbal cues. I tend to have a closed personality where I talk without using hand gestures. The fourth tool which I used was Willingness to Listen Diagnostic where I scored 81 which highlights that I am a good listener and I am eager to listen to others without getting bored. This would help me in the long run as I am able to absorb information effectively. The last tool which I used was Talkaholic Scale where I obtained 24 as my final score which highlights that I am not a talkative person, so I do not over indulge in talks, which is goes hand in hand with my apprehensions about public speaking. The two key shortfalls which I face are related to communication apprehension, i.e., the ability to speak in public and the ability to communicate with people of different cultural backgrounds. This can be depicted from two of the incidents where I got very uncomfortable. As a part of our college curriculum, I was asked to prepare a presentation and deliver it before my classmates. I did thorough research and prepared a presentation and as I knew that I have a stage fright, I even wrote word by word of what I had to speak in front of my classmates. However, once I took the centre stage and the projector projected my slide over the screen, I got numb and my heart started beating very fast. I could only finish two slides in the 15 slides I had prepared and my teacher asked me to take a break. I could not resume the stage and lost good scores which I could have otherwise got, had I just read the script I prepared. There is another incident which embarrassed me. While I was working in a barista, I had to serve an Indian customer a coffee. I was able to give him his order but when he indulged in a conversation, I again got numb and my hands got cold. My manager had to take over and he then dealt with the customer. Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope (1991) were of the view that speaking was one of the most difficult tasks for the general public, particularly for the students as they get anxious when they have to speak before their class. When such happens, the student faces difficulty in making differentiations between different sounds and structures and even the simple words become inapprehensible. In this regard, the views of Dunbar, Brooks and Miller (2006) were quiet similar where they presented that an important aspect of the life of the student was communication skills, which also was a crucial factor when they translated from college life to workplace. This view has been supported in the literature of Beatty (1988) and also in that of Beatt, Balfantz and Kuwabara (1989) where they showed that there is an emotional predisposition regarding anxiety stemmed from public speaking. There were two types of reactions of anxiety which were stated by Woodrow (2006) in which the first was psychological reas ons and the other was cognitive reactions. When it came to the psychological reactions, the body reacted in such a manner that the person started stammering or his heart started beating very fast. When it came to the cognitive reactions, the brain starts working in a disoriented manner, where the person would get negative or irrelevant thoughts which would not only be self-depreciating, but would also increase the anxiety levels. Public speaking is deemed as a leading issue which is faced by nearly every person due to the apprehensions that one faces when they have to deal with a public (Jaffe, 2015). North and Rivers (2001) stated that when a person is made to speak in public, they get anxious about it. They stated that when faced with public speaking, people get anxious and they show signs of discomfort, confusion, palpitation, gastrointestinal discomfort, muscle tension, sweating and the like. Around 85% people, as per Burnley, Cross Spanos (1993) had to face this difficulty. Scovel (1991) stated that only when anxiety is facilitated in a proper manner, did it result in positive results, otherwise it could result in the individual performing in a poor manner. Rossi and Seiler (1986) highlighted upon the history of public speaking anxiety and traced it back to the mid 1930s. And like North and Rivers, he believed that when a person had to speak in public, they got apprehensive or felt uneasiness as they fe lt threatened. Jones (2004) was of the view that there was a need to facilitate anxiety in a manner so that the individual can adapt to learning from his apprehensions and work towards overcoming the particular obstacle. When the person is able to do so, the anxiety can be channelled in an effective manner. It had been identified by Ohata (2005) that by facilitating these, the person could learn better and his attitude and perception can be changed. Marinho, Medeiros, Gama and Teixeira (2017) rightly highlighted upon the need and significance of enhancing the public speaking skills particularly for the business life of an individual. Russ (2012) also showed that proper communication skills were required for interpersonal work relations. Rahmani (2017) highlighted that intergroup anxiety was a kind of negative feeling and restlessness which a person faced when they had to communicate with a person who belonged to a dissimilar cultural or social identity. Intergroup anxiety, like any other anxiety in Rahmanis view had negative results and it hampered the cognitive performance and the social interactions of an individual. Hackman and Barthel-Hackman (1993), Hsu (2007), and Pederson, Tkachuk and Allen (2008) have studied that there are different contextual incompatibilities of communication apprehensions due to the effective cultural, as well as, non cultural elements. The different communication apprehensions are a result of the difference in the culture of an individual, for instance, Australia, Arabic nations, East Asian cultures, Western Europe, and US. So, the individuals who belong to individualist cultures often emphasize on their personal space, activities and needs. Merkin (2009), Pederson et al. (2008) and Pryor, Bulter and Boehringer (2005) noted the difference amongst the high context cultures like the Arabic nations, Korea, China and Japan, and amongst the low context cultures like that of US, which impacts the communication apprehensions. Hall (1976) stated that in the high context culture, the majority of information is shared with the participants and a mutual perception of communication depends on the communications context; however, when it came to low context culture, it is more straight forward and also covers more information. So, high context cultures are less valued and they are more apprehensive, as per Pryor et al. (2005). The communication traits, as per Allen, O'Mara and Long (2014), were highlighted in the oral communication based on this culture context. Dr. James C. McCroskey, who initiated this concept of communication apprehension, developed a model of intercultural communication apprehension which was similar to the thoughts and emotions in other communication apprehensions, but this one was related to the linguistic and culture barriers (Neuliep, 2014). It could be based on trait, context, situation or audience. Gumus, Hamarat and Dursun (2005) highlighted that in such situations where the anxiety was seen only in particular situations like public speaking or job interview was content based apprehension. Mak et al. (2013) identified that the intercultural communication apprehension was based on the negative perception with regards to the cultural differences and which displayed an uncomfortable behaviour where the person came across another person from another culture, i.e., due to imminent cross cultural interaction. Upon successfully identifying my shortfalls, I have prepared an action plan which I would undertake in the next six months, in order to win over my apprehensions and improve upon my communication skills. In this regard, I would start by maintaining a journal in which I would be writing daily, what I did and this would help me in keeping a track of the things which I did as per the drawn action plan and the difficulties which I faced in doing so. This would be my success book, which would help me in looking back and being proud of my progress. The next step which I would do is joining a book club so that I get to interact with some new people and try to interact with them. This would be undertaken from Nov 2017 to Jan 2018. I would also make fortnightly efforts in getting the story of a person of different cultural background, who visits the barista near the university, so that I can speak up in public and also face my apprehensions about people from different cultural backgrounds. I would also seek help from my tutor in this, as in the beginning I would need their help in learning how to start a communication channel with new people, along with the details on how to counter my anxiety. I would be interacting with my classmates, by taking centre stage for 5 minutes and speaking with them. This would be done for Jan, in front of my tutor and for Fe, in their absence. I would also be, at regular intervals, interact with the university students who are not my classmates, and this would have a mix of interactions with people of different backgrounds. I would report my interactions to my tutor as an evidence of success. The most important one is that I would organize a 30 member intercultural program in the university itself in first half of April. This would make me approach the public and speak with them, particularly where I interact with people from different cultural backgrounds. The success of my entire journey is based on the success of this intercultural program, where I would again take the help of my tutor. Here, I would ask them and my classmates, on the progress which they think I have made during the six months period. The action plan has more efficiently been denoted through a Gantt chart below. Gantt Chart depicting Action Plan 15-11-17 30-11-17 15-12-17 31-12-17 14-01-18 31-01-18 Maintaining a Journal Book Club Customer interaction at barista Seeking help from tutor Interactions with Classmates Communicating with University Students Organize an intercultural program Gantt Chart depicting Action Plan 13-02-18 28-02-18 15-03-18 31-03-18 14-04-18 30-04-18 Maintaining a Journal Book Club Customer interaction at barista Seeking help from tutor Interactions with Classmates Communicating with University Students Organize an intercultural program Thus, this self reflection has helped me in identifying my shortfalls and this would help me in working on these issues, so that when I start my business life, I would not be at a disadvantage. References Allen, M. Bourhis, J. (1996). The relationship of communication apprehension to communication behavior: A meta-analysis.Communication Quarterly, 44,214-226. Beatty, M. J., Balfantz, G. L., Kuwabara, A. Y. (1989). Trait-like qualities of selected variables assumed to be transient causes of performance state anxiety. Communication Education, 38, 277-289. Beatty, M.J., Friedland, M. H. (1990). Public speaking state anxiety as a function of selected situational and predispositional variables. Communication Education, 39, 142-147. Burnley, M., Cross, P., Spanos, N. (1993). The effects of stress inoculation training and skills training on the treatment of speech anxiety. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 12, 355-366. Dunbar, N., Brooks, C. Kubica-Miller, T. (2006). Oral Communication Skills in Higher Eduation: Using a Performance-Based Evaluation Rubric to Assess Communication Skills. Inovative Higher Education, 31(2). Gumus, M., Hamarat, B., Dursun, M. (2005). Intercultural communication apprehension: An empirical study on ANZAC people. Journal of Administrative Sciences, 3(1), 179-193. Hackman, M. Z., Barthel-Hackman, T. A. (1993). Communication apprehension, willingness to communicate, and sense of humor: United States and New Zealand perspectives.Communication Quarterly,41, 282-291. Hall, E. T. (1976).Beyond culture. New York, NY: Doubleday. Horwitz, E. K., M. B. Horwitz and J. A. Cope (1991). "Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety" in E. K. Horwitz and D. J. Young, Language Anxiety, 27-39. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hsu, C.-F (2007). A cross-cultural comparison of communication orientations between Americans and Taiwanese.Communication Quarterly,55, 359 374. Jaffe, C. (2015). Public Speaking: Concepts and Skills for a Diverse Society (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Jones J.F. (2004). A Cultural Context for Language Anxiety. EA (English Australia), 21(2), 30-39 Mak, A. S., Brown, P. M., Wadey, D. (2013). Contact and attitude toward international students in Australia: Intergroup anxiety and intercultural communication emotions as mediators. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 491. Marinho, A. C. F, Mesquita de Medeiros, A., Gama A. C. C, Teixeira, L. C. (2017). Fear of public speaking: perception of college students and correlates. Journal of Voice, 31(1), 127.e7127.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.12.012 McCroskey, J. C., McCroskey, L. L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5, 108-11. McCroskey, J.C., Richmond, V.P .(1995). Correlates of compulsive communication: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Communication Quarterly, 43, 39-52. Merkin, R. S. (2009). Cross-Cultural differences in approach-avoidance communication in South Korea and the US.Human Communication,12, 199-213. Neuliep, J. W. (2014). Intercultural communication: A Contextual Approach (6th ed.). Sage Publications. Neuliep, J. W., McCroskey, J. C. (1997). The development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales. Communication Research Reports, 14, 385-398. North, M., Rives, J. (2001). Virtual reality therapy in aid of public speaking. International Journal of Virtual Reality, 3, 2-7. Ohata K. (2005). Language Anxiety From the Teachers Perspective: Interviews With Seven Experienced ESL/EFL Teachers. Journal of Language and Learning, 3(1), 133-155 Pederson, J., Tkachuk, H., Allen, M. (2008). How perceived situational frequency and situational importance affect communication apprehension: A cross cultural analysis.Journal of Intercultural Communication Research,37, 189198. Pryor, B., Bulter, J., Boehringer, K. (2005). Communication apprehension and cultural context: A comparison of communication apprehension in Japanese and American students.North American Journal of Psychology,7, 247-252. Rahmani, D. (2017). Apprehension and Anxiety in Communication. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.414 Richmond, V. P., Hickson, M. III. (2001). Going public: A practical guide to public talk. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Richmond, V. P., McCroskey, J. C., Johnson, A. D. (2003). Development of the nonverbal immediacy scale (NIS): Measures of self- and other-perceived nonverbal immediacy. Communication Quarterly, 51, 502-515. Rossi, A., Seiler, W. (1989). The comparative effectiveness of systematic desensitization and an integrative approach in treating public speaking anxiety: a literature review and a preliminary investigation. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 49-66. Russ, T. L. (2013). The Influence of Communication Apprehension on Superiors' Propensity for and Practice of Participative Decision Making. Communication Quarterly, 61(3), 335- 348. doi: 10.1080/01463373.2013.776989 Scovel, T. (1991). "The Effect of Affect on Foreign Language Learning: A Review of the Anxiety Research" in E. K. Horwitz and D. J. Young, Language Anxiety, 101-108. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as a second language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328.

Books for Writers Six Books to Inspire and Inform

BOOKS FOR WRITERS: SIX BOOKS TO INSPIRE AND INFORM Need a creative boost? A good laugh? A few style pointers? Maybe you’re into science fiction or mysteries. Perhaps you prefer nonfiction or graphic novels or biographies. Or fantasy novels. But whatever you’re into, if you’re a writer, you probably love books about writing. This week, I thought I’d share a few of my recent favorites. I’ve put together a list of six books about writing, from grammar to writing prompts to random musings by successful writers. Enjoy! 1. Eats, Shoots Leaves by Lynne Truss. Chances are, you’ve read this (it was pretty popular when it was released a few years ago – surprising for a grammar book), but it’s always worth a second look. If you haven’t you’re missing out – it’s hilarious. Truss, a self-professed grammar stickler, turns a potentially dry subject into a fun and engaging read. 2. A Writer’s Book of Days by Judy Reeves. I’ll be honest. Sometimes, after a full day of writing stuff for other people, I’m tapped out, creativity-wise. This book features 365 days’ worth of writing prompts to help you overcome bouts of writer’s block. 3. On Writing, by Stephen King. The master of horror (and I’ll admit, one of my early favorites) writes an engaging book about his life as a writer. One of my favorite parts of this book: King walks you through a full edit of the short story â€Å"1408† and explains why he made certain changes or deletions – very, very cool. 4. Bird by Bird by Anne Lamott. Another book of great advice from one writer to another. I’d never read anything by Lamott before I read this, but I like her conversational, approachable style. 5. The Mother Tongue: English and How it Got That Way by Bill Bryson. A must for word nerds. Bryson explores the English language from its early development to modern slang. This book was so fun and interesting that I read it in one sitting. 6. How Not to Write a Novel by Howard Mittlemark and Sandra Newman. In this tongue-in-cheek guide, Mittlemark and Newman tackle some of the biggest novel writing errors (200 of them, to be exact), including the lack of a plot, too many (or too few) characters, choosing the right point of view, and more. The examples are hilarious; this book is worth a read even if you’re not planning to write a novel anytime soon. So, do you have any favorite books on writing? I’d love to add to my list.

Lifebuoy- Soap of India Essays

Lifebuoy- Soap of India Essays Lifebuoy- Soap of India Paper Lifebuoy- Soap of India Paper Prepared By – Dhawandeep Singh(331) Neena Sankhyan(325) | NMIMS ? The LifeBuoy Story While brands have managed to upgrade their image and evolve together with their consumers – Lifebuoy is a great example, having moved from a carbolic, sweaty association to desirable health imagery – there has been no example of a brand that has moved to the top of the pole after residing at the bottom. The relaunch of the soap in 2002, 2004 again in 2006 have been turning points in its history. In 2004, Lifebuoy’s product offering was revamped with contemporary packaging and an upmarket look. While that went down well with existing users, new users were still elusive; they continued to perceive the product as a ‘cheap soap for poor people’. That perception had to be changed without alienating the Lifebuoy loyalists. The objective for HUL was to launch a campaign that helped the soap shed its old-fashioned image and gain an entry into two million urban households. A survey by HUL showed that mothers stop kids from indulging in activities that are unhygienic. Further, healthcare brands tend to harp on the fear factor, talking of the ills of dirt. It was decided that Lifebuoy, as health soap, needed to do something radically different. Hence, Lowe(Lifebuoy account holder) took the creative route of a Little Gandhi, a boy who takes the initiative of sweeping his street one day, just to make a difference to society in his own little way. Other boys join him in this social act. Mothers are shown encouraging their children to do so, which is a step away from the regular ‘stay away from germs’ kind of soap advertising. There was a series of TVCs for this new campaign: Little Gandhi ad showing a young boy leading young children to clean the streets; a young girl playing football with the boys to young children helping in a cricket stadium on a rainy day. There was a common thread in all the commercials – toughness shown by young children and women. Campaign Dissection Consumer: Indian Families – Economy class. Major chunk of consumers are in Rural parts of India where Lifebuoy is most popular soap brand. Corporation: Hindustan Unilevers Ltd. Nature of the Company: The largest FMCG company in India with wide range of products, present in India since 1933. The brand Lifebuoy the honest hard working soap, with its distinctive perfume and popular jingle, has carried the message of health across the length and breadth of the country. Vision of the Brand: â€Å"Making a billion Indians feel safe and secure by meeting all their health and hygiene needs†. Gender of the brand: Image of a masculine able bodied young man. The brand strongly symbolized macho-ism, sportiness and was accepted as a champions brand. Its famous jingle of â€Å" Lifebuoy hai jahan, tandarosti hai wahan† with young men playing football in the TVC had an imprint of this image in the minds of the Indian consumers. Competition: Pertaining to the brand Lifebuoy, the other players in the market which are also gaining popularity are: a)Cinthol soap by Godrej which is positioned as a soap for macho men(Hrithik Roshan) b)Dettol known for its antiseptic attributes. c)Medicinal soaps like Medimix which combine properties like â€Å"germ protection† with skincare in a natural way. d)Ayurvedic soap industry with brands like Ayur is increasing its presence in India and abroad. Mission: Lifebuoy brand has been an established brand in soaps category since 1980’s and had a very strong positioning as a â€Å"tough soap for tough men†. The brand stood for germ protection for working men. Lifebuoys brand colors of red and white depicted the association with healthcare and emphasized on personal hygiene platform. But now the brand wanted to increase its hold and positioning from men’s soap to a family soap by carrying the same message of germ protection for tough people forward. In a nutshell, the mission of the company was to take the brand Lifebuoy to the next level – â€Å"The health icon of the nation. Message: The campaign had an emotional message by showing the soap as a germ protective and soap to keep your family in good health. Although by projecting tough character of the child in the advertisement it again wanted to connect with the audiences on an emotional front . The confidence of ‘Lifebuoy mother’ with regard to the safety of her son underscores the long-standing brand benefit when she says â€Å"naha kar gaya hai Koi darr nahin†. This transpired into appeal for the whole family which is tough and daring and always ready to take on newer challenges. â€Å"Little Gandhi Ad† The Little Boy picks up a broom; The boy surveys the messy street before sweeping it clean; The kid enjoys the Lifebuoy bath, washing away sweat and toil. The start of the advertisement with the small boy waking up before everybody shows a common child but who gets up on his own, he knows what to do, He has a mission in his mind, starts for work with putting bandana on his head. Shows a person focused and determined to do the work. All portraying the characteristics of a tough child. And he is a leader also trying to portray the soap more synonymous with leaders. He is being portrayed and compared in qualities to Gandhiji with dandi being replaced by a broom and spectacles of the child very much similar to Gandhiji’s. The atmosphere in which he is standing is very gloomy showcasing his fighting against all odds, comparisons with Gandhi. He starts on his own without waiting for anybody else to join him. And the people are shown getting amused by them and slowly other children start pouring in and setting behind him like people followed in the footsteps of Gandhi. Portraying Lifebuoy as a soap for courageous people who dare to think against all odds, who are the leaders and set new examples for the society. This ad marked a very big repositioning for the ‘Lifebuoy’ brand from earlier being a soap for a tough man to now moving to a germ protective soap for everybody who is tough carrying on the toughness aspect with them. The cleanliness drive being run by the children is shown as synonymous with the freedom fight. All the wordings in the campaign â€Å"Sometimes.. one person.. one thought.. one desire.. can change the world† portrays the Gandhi in the common people and shows if we decide to change the world and start taking small actions everybody will follow us. And in the end the wording says â€Å" The world can be changed by only those who have no fear† and at the same time mother of the Child Gandhi throws lifebuoy showing the ones who use Lifebuoy are tough people and are the ones who change the world as Gandhiji did. Looking further deep, the children are shown cleaning a street. The message put across is that since these children are secure from ailments that are caused by a lack of proper sanitation and hygiene, thanks to the fact that they use Lifebuoy, they are in a position to ensure cleanliness and hygiene for the entire community. Thus, Lifebuoy not only ensures good health and cleanliness for individuals, but healthy and productive communities as well. This concerted effort by the children transforms the dirty neighborhood into a spanking clean area. At the end of the commercial, to express their gratitude, all the parents give their children an open-air bath with Lifebuoy reiterating the concept of ‘Koi Dar Nahi’ implying that a well-protected family has no reason to fear hygiene related illnesses or problems. Another aspect of the campaign was its bilingual nature with English subtitles with a clear intent of reaching a wider audience. Market: Lifebuoy increased its addressable market from only for men’s soap to soap for the children who gets dirty while playing and need protection from germs and also to women. Thus, the target market was extended to the complete family by repositioning itself as a germ protective soap for the family who cares for health and wants protection from germs. Media: The campaign ran on TV, Hoardings. The Lifebuoy was also cobranded with the Hindi movie â€Å"Krrish† which involved printing pictures of Krrishs character on its Lifebuoy packs and also giving away merchandise based on the film. The fit between the two brands was there because on one hand is Lifebuoy brand which is all about protection from germs and Krrishs character is also about protecting the world from enemies. The TVC was supported with on-ground activities, including street plays. To increase awareness, various essay competitions and demonstrations on hygiene (through flip charts) were conducted in 300 schools across 31 cities. There was also a cleanliness drive in 31 cities across India on World Health Day, in which people were encouraged to clean up a landmark in their respective cities. Money: No idea about it.. Measurement: The Little Gandhi campaign gave the agency Lowe, gold in the consumer products category in EFFE 2006 and also the Lifebuoys repositioning campaign is considered as one of the most successful repositioning campaign and since then the brand has been successful in its new branding. This Little Gandhi work and cleanliness drive also found a place in Limca Book of World Records. The clear success parameter was the remarkable increase in the market share of Lifebuoy in the soap industry after the launch of this campaign. *Source: Advancedge May’05

Prisoner's Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prisoner's Rights - Essay Example (Cruel and Unusual Punishments). By taking away the rights of such activities from the inmates would be going against the law imposed under the First Amendment. When we consider the First Amendment, it clearly and legally provides the rights of freedom of speech to the citizens. Therefore, being a prisoner also comes under the category of State’s citizen. Being the part of the State, prisoners do hold the right of freedom of speech, to openly claim for their rights, because free and legal rights of humans cannot be abandoned. But, on the other hand, it is also correct that Court impose such restrictions on the prisoners to maintain the terms of security. So, taking away their rights comes under legitimate punishment too. Therefore, today Court is making sure to include such restrictions on inmates, which are considered correct by looking in all the aspects. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 also states that the prisoners are free to question their prison life on the basis of constitutionality. This act came into being to protect the rights of every individual on the basis of official legitimation. This act makes sure that the rights of the people are protected equally. Leburd’s suit does hold a complete legal effect under the dilemma of today’s prison life. Prisoners hold equal right to challenge the Court, if their rights are being prohibited to them. (Prisoners Rights ). Supreme Court expanded the individual’s rights in relation to the state as a whole. That is why Federal Courts role have become essential in protecting the rights of those people who are not powerful, for an example; politicians. Here comes the prisoner, who comes under such category of people who are poor, helpless and needs protection of the courts to safe them. This expansion of law by the Supreme Court has protected the freedom of speech, violence , bill of rights, civil rights and prison conditions and practices in the federal court. Due

Research proposal on network optimization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research proposal on network optimization - Essay Example Data centers support and provide a variety of application services to the end-users such as cloud computing, grid application, video streaming, video gaming and many others services by providing platform that support all major hardware and soft ware.2 Data centers are located on different parts of a network. Thus the decisions on regulation and management of the application services and network play a big role in influencing outcomes of the application performance and state of the network. Most companies currently make application decisions with insufficient or no information regarding the underlying network that relay those services.3 Hence the maximum benefits of services and network utilization may not be reaped. This paper proposes a study program into cross stratum application with emphasis on the challenges and opportunities made available by the data center based applications and the communication networks. Based on the cross stratum optimization opportunities presented by the interactions between the data center based application services, this research project will be mainly on the following key opportunities: first, enhanced optimization of application and network resources. Additionally, rapid reaction to the fast transforming demands. Lastly, quality of application experience enhancement through proper usage of the existing resources. This project will involve qualitative research involving all essentials parties in CSO i.e. application provider, data center provider, network provider and end-user. The study will involve the following: first, the survey of the different ‘trust’ relationships that are exhibited between the various stakeholders in the application and the network stratum. Secondly, survey of the cloud based applications to compare their impact on network infrastructure. Thirdly, evaluation of the key interfaces their functionality and how they relate to the current standards and potential future standards. More

How do the Writers Show a Clash of Cultures in Dead mans path and the Train from Rhodesia Essay Example for Free

How do the Writers Show a Clash of Cultures in Dead mans path and the Train from Rhodesia Essay In Dead mans path, there is a new headmaster who is educated and over ambitious and wants to turn his under-achieving school into a modern, top quality institution. He says everything shall be just modern and delightful. There is an old path that the villagers use to communicate to spirits and for babies to enter the world which the headmaster closes as it runs through his school. He is unwilling to allow the villagers to use the path and he is inconsiderate about their beliefs. This is shown when he says we cannot allow people to make a highway of our school compound. He is patronising and doesnt care about how other people feel as he says the whole purpose of our school is to eradicate such beliefs. Whereas the villagers try to compromise and they are more understanding. This is shown when the village chief says what you say may be true, but we follow the practices of our fathers. The writer shows a clash of cultures because there is a young, modern and sophisticated headmaster who disregards traditional beliefs and there are traditional villagers who rely on the path for religious customs. When a woman dies in child birth, the villagers believe the spirits are angry. This is shown when it says heavy sacrifices were prescribed to propitiate ancestors insulted by the fence. They blame the headmaster for closing the path, so they vandalise the school compound. This is shown when it says flowers were trampled to death, and one of the school buildings were pulled down. The writer also shows a clash of cultures when there is a white supervisor who comes to inspect the school. This is because he is shown to be very important and superior to the black Africans who do the work for the white people who in turn make the profits. This is shown when it says the white supervisor came to inspect the school and wrote a nasty report of the state of the premises and of the tribal-war situation developing between the school and the village. In The Train from Rhodesia, there is a train which stops briefly in a small station in the desert. There are some very poor people living near the station and they rely on the visitors from the train to buy there goods, so they can make a living. They are shown to be very poor because it says the children walk barefoot and live in mud huts. This is shown because it says the stationmasters barefoot children wandered over from the grey mud huts. They also dont seem have enough food, because their animals are skinny and bony. This is shown because it says chickens and dogs with their skins stretched like parchment over their bones. When the train comes into the station, all the villagers waste no time, to sell their goods to the tourists. This is shown because it says all up and down the length of the train in the dust the artists sprang, walking bent to exhibit the fantasy held towards the faces on the train. This shows how much the villagers depend on the train. A young lady notices a wooden lion carved with incredible detail, and looks very realistic. This is shown when it says a lion, carved out of soft dry wood with impressionistic detail. The ladys husband bargains with the old man selling the lion and buys it for much lower than he was asking for, just as the train was about to go. The young lady is unhappy with her husband for buying the lion at such a low price. This is because she says why didnt you pay for it? Why did you have to wait for him to run after the train with it and give him one-and-six? One-and-six! The writer shows a clash of cultures because the villagers are shown to be very poor and dependant on the train and also beg for money. This is shown because it says give me penny, said the ones with nothing to sell. The villagers are desperate. This is shown when the old man decides to sell his lion for one-and-six. It says questioning for the last time at the widows, here one-and-six baas! whereas the people in the train are very well off compared to the villagers and to them the cost of the villagers goods is not very much and bargain for fun, but the villagers are dependant on anything they can get. This is shown when the young man says I was arguing for fun, when the train pulled out, he came tearing afterone-and-six. The young lady realises how well off she is and feels the shame of buying the lion for one-and-six. This is shown when it says To give one-and-six for that, she sat there, sick, and the heat of shame mounted through her legs and body.

From the two short stories you have read what do we learn about what :: English Literature

From the two short stories you have read what do we learn about what it was like for American black people to live in Americain the 1950s? From the two short stories; The Gold Cadillac by M.D. Taylor and 1955 by Alice Walker, both set in 1950s America and both written by black female writers we learn about the segregation, racism and poverty of 1950s black America. Both these stories are set in the deep south of America. The gold Cadillac is about a young black girl who knows nothing about racism and discovers it for the first time as she travels with her family into the Deep South in a gold Cadillac. 1955 is written from the point of view of a black woman who has experienced the racism her whole life. America in the 1950s was segregated in the Deep South; it was divided into black ghettos. Even radio stations were divided into stations playing only black music and ones only playing white music. Before Elvis Presley black music would not be played to a white audience so it did not get the recognition it deserved, but Elvis's music was played on all stations and democratised music. Black people did not have the freedom that white people had and were discriminated everywhere they went, black people could not use the same buses and could not eat in the same restaurants as white people and were discriminated by police because the law was nearly completely run by white people, they were turned away at shops and were discriminated against in nearly all other places. In M.D. Taylor's "The Gold Cadillac" the family are driving through the Deep South and the girl sees signs saying "White only coloured not allowed" In Alice walker's "1955" Gracie Mae tells her husband J.T. to put his shirt on because Traynor who is a white man comes to the door, this is because white people had to be treated with more respect because they were seen as more important than black people. The American civil war took place in 1865 and slavery was abolished in the Deep South, but 90 years later there is still resentment from whites towards blacks. The two short stories are all about the prejudice against blacks in the Deep South and how it affects people's lives and freedom. In "The Gold Cadillac" the family is trying to aspire to be rich as they live

Develop Tourism in Sri Lanka Essay

Introduction In countries like Maldives, Malaysia, Singapore and Spain, tourism and related recreation activities play a significant role in the generation of income / foreign exchange and provision of employment opportunities. In fact, in the global context this industry is identified as the single largest economic contributor. Moreover, tourism plays a crucial role in the attainment of macroeconomic stability. Besides, the political stability of a country has a major impact on its tourism industry. According to the preceding view, this essay aims at evaluating empirically the significance of tourism in Sri Lanka after ending civil war. The relationship will be analyzed based on a time series approach. The study will end eavour to estimate the relationship between economic performance and tourism revenue, subject to main macroeconomic variables and political stability of the country. With respect to policy implications, the study recommends that The role of tourism could be highly emphasized in the sustainable economic development with a stable political environment. Sri Lanka entered the international tourism market in the 1960s. Since then, this industry has been growing steadily as a promising sector for the economic development, subject to periodical setbacks especially the civil war prevailed in Sri Lanka, world terrorist attacks and natural disasters. For example, international tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka increased from 18,969 in 1966 to 438,475 in 2008 consequently the receipts from tourism (Sri Lanka Tourist Board 2008). In particular, the contribution of Travel & Tourism to Gross Domestic Product was 7.5% (LKR407.5bn or US$3,388.1mn) in 2009 in Sri Lankan economy. The contribution of the Travel & Tourism economy to  employment wasb503,000 jobs in 2009, 6.2% of total employment or 1 in every 16.2 jobs it also is expected to grow up to 579,000 jobs, 6.7% of total employment or 1 in every 14.8 jobs by 2020. Similarly, the contribution for real GDP growth for Travel & Tourism sector was 5.9% and the travel & Tourism investment was at LKR131.9bn, US$1,096.8mn or 10.1% of total investment in 2009. Out o f 186 registered countries of WTTC the Sri Lankan Travel & Tourism economy is ranked number 87 in absolute size worldwide and 110 in relative contribution to national economies. Tourism remains the fastest growing service industry in the economies of most of developing countries; hence more research has gone into the operations of the sector in order to examine its economic significance and potential. (Amstrong, 1974) It is known that the industry provides an important impetus to growth in other sectors such as agriculture, transportation, retailing and manufacturing and is therefore seen as a key component of economic development. It plays a major role for the generation of foreign exchange which directly facilitates the improvement of foreign reserves of said economies. (Stynes, Daniel J 1999) Similarly, the sector has shown greater improvements in employment generation (direct and indirect), revenue accruing to tourist sites, and increase in number of hotels and similar establishments and other tourism supply establishments. Main Body Given its natural advantages, the tourism sector is viewed as one of the most important engines of growth and development in the Sri Lankan economy and as such, is a key focus in the Government’s industrial strategy. Tourism main supporting sectors account for more than 8.0 per cent of GDP. In relation to employment, agriculture transport, storage & communication, construction, and distribution are the primary beneficiaries from a dollar spent within the tourism industry. Further, these sectors account for over 7.0 per cent of the employed labor force. However, the descriptive analysis points to the continued low and declining impact of the industry on the overall economy in particular in the context of other countries like Thailand, Malaysia and Kenya. However the investment share for tourism sector being high the unstable political situation could be the closest reason for this less performance in the case of comparison. With the end of war, the expected boom in the industry over the years to come will have a noticeable impact. The second empirical modal shows a strong relationship between the political stability and macroeconomic performance in particular with reference to the tourism sector. It is highly recommended to maintain a stable political situation of the country in order for industries like tourism to flourish. The paper has, in the main, addressed two of the important elements of an economic significance of the tourism industry. Further work to be undertaken includes the computation and comparison of cyclical movements of tourism sector performance in response to the global economic and political changes. Percentage of Capital investment in travel and tourism sector in Sri Lanka, South Asia and in the World 2009 In comparison to the 7.7 of South Asia and 9.4 in the world the capital investment percentage of Sri Lankan economy for travel and tourism sector is 10.6. This also highlights the significance of this sector in Sri Lankan economy. Source; World travel and tourism Council Economic impact report – 2009 Percentage of direct industry GDP in travel and tourism sector in Sri Lanka, South Asia and in the World 2009 In 2009 the direct contribution to the GDP from travel and tourism sector is 2.7 in Sri Lanka. The World situation is 3.2 for the same and South Asian Region’s contribution to its GDP from the said sector is 2.2. Source; World travel and tourism Council Economic impact report – 2009 Percentage of Travel & Tourism Employment in total Employment -2009, selected Economies The above figure compares the contribution of employment generation from travel and Tourism sector and Sri Lanka is in the 9th place just 0.1 above India. India being a giant in its resources for tourism product this is the significant place irrespective of Sri Lanka’s internal issues. However Seychelles, Maldives and Maturities are islands who offer similar product. Source; World travel and tourism Council Economic impact report – 2009 Percentage of Travel & Tourism sector contribution to the total GDP-2009, selected Economies The following graph highlights the contribution to the total GDP from Travel and Tourism sector. Sri Lanka enjoys here too a better place in comparison to India which illustrates the significance of this sector in Sri Lankan economy. Here too Seychelles, Maldives and Maturities are islands are out of the general comparison since their product is totally different from the rest of the countries. Source; World travel and tourism Council Economic impact report – 2009 When we move to the second objective of this research we have to check whether there is a war influence on Sri Lankan tourism industry or not. After running an OLS regression The following results have been obtained. As we know receipts from tourism depend on many factors, but in this study factors such as exchange rate, word GDP has been considered. To measure the civil war influence in tourism sector, dummy variable has been included. According to the results changes in exchange rate causes to change in receipts from tourism averagely by 395.78 million while world GDP causes to approximately 930 million. However coefficient of exchange rate is  significant at 1 % level by showing the importance of exchange rate behavior in the tourism industry in Sri Lanka. As the theory implies increase in exchange rate motivate the tourist’s arrivals, because then they are able to exchange more rupees for ICBI 2010 their dollars. World GDP also a better proxy for world living condition and it is positively related with the Sri Lankan tourism industry. When we are evaluating the war influence, the coefficient of dummy variable should be taken in to account. According to this coefficient the average receipts from tourism in non war period is higher than averagely by 3919.75 million compared to the war period. This implies that there is a significant war influence on the Sri Lanka tourism industry. In fact tourist’s arrivals have been limited during the war period, because several international media have also warned Sri Lanka as an unsafe place to visit. Especially, after terrorist attacks on Katunayake International Airport and Central Bank of Sri Lanka, tourism arrivals have dropped down dramatically. The model which has been used to evaluate the above situation is statistically significant at 1 % level and according to the value of R2, explanatory variables jointly explained approximately 93 % of total variation of receipts from tourism. According to both descriptive and econometric approaches of analysis in this study, the significance of tourism sector in Sri Lankan economy has implied to be a major portion for key macroeconomic measurements. Similarly the adverse effects of war on tourism sector have showed a massive loss for Sri Lankan economy over the last decades. The policies of the government in promoting tourism can be summarized as comprising seven main points. * The Government, recognising the significant contribution that tourism makes to social and economic * development of Sri Lanka, has accorded high priority for tourism in its overall programme of national development. * Apart from the obvious economic advantages of tourism, the Government also recognizes the socio-cultural and political benefits that can accrue. * The Ten-year Tourism Master Plan (1992-2001), prepared by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) with funding assistance from UNDP, will serve as the blue-print for tourism development up to the end of this century, with appropriate modifications to suit changing circumstances. The Government also recognises  the importance of promoting domestic tourism, not only as a means to enhance the quality of life of the people, but also as a vital necessity for national integration of people living in isolation due to geographic and ethnic barriers. However, the Government is conscious and mindful of the potential adverse effects that uncontrolled and unplanned tourism development can have on Sri Lankan society and the physical environment. Accordingly, the corner-stone of the Tourism Development Policy will be planned, coordinated and sustainable development. The pace of tourism development over the five-year period 1995-1999 will be moderate, neither too high nor too low, as recommended in the Tourism Master Plan, by taking into consideration the socio-cultural and environmental absorptive capacity. This will help to optimize the economic benefits of tourism, while at the same time minimizing potential adverse impacts on Sri Lankan society and the environment. P olicy of mobilizing the private sector to invest in tourism projects and operate tourism enterprises will be pursued with greater vigor in line with the free-market economic policies of the Government. The Government will follow the main recommendations of the Ten-year Tourism Development Plan for development of tourism, with modifications as deemed necessary. The Plan has set definite targets for development. * to increase tourist arrivals from the 1992 level of 394,000 to 874,000 by the year 2001, with an average annual growth rate of 9 per cent; * to increase foreign exchange earnings from the 1992 level of US$ 201 million to US$ 706 million by 2001, an average annual growth rate of 15 per cent; * to increase hotel accommodation capacity from the 1992 level of 10,200 rooms to 17,600 rooms by 2001, an average annual growth rate of 6 per cent; and 95 * to increase total employment, both direct and indirect, from the 1992 level of 69,000 jobs to 137,000 by2001, an average annual growth rate of 8 per cent. The Government believes that the targets are realistic and attainable and is working towards their attainment. However, with the improvement in the security situation with the restoration of peace and stability, a boom in tourism is expected and hence a re-adjustment of the targets will be required. The tourism product program is designed to encourage the private sector by providing fiscal and other incentives to undertake activities such as refurbish existing hotels, start new hotel development projects and establish tourist restaurants and develop tourist  recreational facilities. The new hotel projects already approved has resulted inexceeding the room requirement for the year 2001. The objectives of tourism marketing and promotional activities are: * To consolidate market growth in the priority * Tourist-generating markets of Europe and Asia by servicing the travel trade and by further raising consumer awareness and * To create consumer awareness and the desire to travel to Sri Lanka in the secondary and opportunity tourist markets. The selected priority markets for promotional activities have been identified as: * The primary markets of Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Japan and India; * The secondary markets of Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, Russia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, Republic of Korea, China and South Africa; and * The opportunity markets of Spain, Eastern Europe, the United States of America, Canada and Australia. Each of these markets will have different degrees of emphasis in terms of required marketing activities, Depending on the degree to which Sri Lanka is already an established destination. There is a need for awareness of Sri Lanka to be raised particularly at the consumer level and point-of-sales. The Board is represented through its offices in Frankfurt, Paris, London, Japan, Thailand and India. It is proposed to appoint Marketing Services Agents in Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, the United States and South Africa. There are a number of promotional activities being carried out by Sri Lanka. Servicing of tourist information is a continuing activity which includes distribution of literature to the travel trade and to the consumers and servicing telephone and mail inquiries on a continuing basis. The Board participates in a number of major tourism fairs held annually, along with Air Lanka (the National Carrier) and the Sri Lanka Travel Trade. This is considered an effective means to promote the travel trade as well as to attract consumers. Among the major trade fairs where Sri Lanka participates are: ITB -Berlin, WTM -London, BIT -Milan, BTF -Brussels, TRAVEL -Singapore, JATA -Japan, FITUR -Madrid, HOLIDAY TRAVEL SHOW -Sydney, GIFT -Guangzhou, TOP RESA -Dauvilli, SMTV -Paris, LTE -Hong Kong, SATTE -New Delhi, KOFFA- Seoul and VAKANTIE -Utrecht. Regular presentations on Sri Lanka are made to major tour operators and travel agents in the form of seminars and workshops to educate  and inform them a bout tourism in Sri Lanka and to induce them to sell Sri Lanka by offering tour programs. With the help of the national carrier (Air Lanka) and other airlines, educational and familiarization tours to Sri Lanka are organized as a continuing activity to enable trade and media personnel to obtain first-hand knowledge and experience of Sri Lanka’s tourism product. These programs are conducted for the travel trade as well as for the travel media. Travel journalists, writers, television, broadcasting and film producers will be given high priority in order to obtain maximum publicity for Sri Lanka’s tourism in the key media in major tourist generating markets. Special promotions in the form of cultural and food festivals, Sri Lanka Evenings, etc., are undertaken in the major generating markets, in association with Air Lanka and the travel trade. New trends in tourism marketing policies and strategies in Sri Lanka On the basis of research undertaken by the Ceylon Tourist Board and the World Tourism Organization (WTO), it has been revealed that there is a tremendous potential in developing tourist markets in the Asian region. This has resulted in a change of the tourism marketing policy to consider Asia as a major generating market for Sri Lanka, in addition to Europe. To pursue the change in marketing policy, the Ceylon Tourist Board has developed an Asian Marketing Strategy for Sri Lanka with the assistance of WTO and UNDP. Several markets in the Asian region have been identified with three priority groupings. The first priority is Japan and India. Between them, it is estimated that by 2004 they will be producing over half of all the Asian visitors to Sri Lanka. The second priority is the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan province of China and Thailand. Travel from these markets to Sri Lanka can grow strongly but on a lower scale. The third priority is China and Hong Kong. The ma rketing programme of the Asian Marketing Strategy has been divided into two phases. Phase 1 is the period until the end of hostilities in Sri Lanka. It is assumed that this will be in December 1997. Phase 2 is a peacetime marketing program that will be introduced by a marketing campaign. It has been shown that the prevailing situation of tourism in Sri Lanka is partly due to the security situation and partly due to misconceptions and disinformation about the image of Sri  Lanka. The negative image of Sri Lanka is due to the wide publicity given by the international media about the civil disturbances and acts of violence. In order to counter the misconception, the Sri Lanka Government will launch an Image Restoration Campaign on a sustained basis for a minimum period of two years by means of a public relations and communication campaign supplemented, where necessary, with limited advertising in the key international markets, by using the services of a professional public relations firm with an international network. The current trend in international travel is for tourists to be attracted not so much to a destination, but to spe cific tourist products. The Ceylon Tourist Board has identified this significant development and is planning to develop specific tourist products to which international travelers could be attracted. Conclusion Given its natural advantages, the tourism sector is viewed as one of the most important engines of growth and development in the Sri Lankan economy and as such, is a key focus in the Government’s industrial strategy. Tourism main supporting sectors account for more than 8.0 per cent of GDP. In relation to employment, agriculture transport, storage & communication, construction, and distribution are the primary beneficiaries from a dollar spent within the tourism industry. Further, these sectors account for over 7.0 per cent of the employed labor force. However, the descriptive analysis points to the continued low and declining impact of the industry on the overall economy in particular in the context of other countries like Thailand, Malaysia and Kenya. However the investment shares for tourism sector being high the unstable political situation could be the closest reason for this less performance in the case of comparison. With the end of war, the expected boom in the industry over the years to come will have a noticeable impact. The second empirical modal shows a strong relationship between the political stability and macroeconomic performance in particular with reference to the tourism sector. It is highly recommended to maintain a stable political situation of the country in order for industries like tourism to flourish. This essay has, in the main, addressed two of the important elements of an economic significance of the tourism industry. Further work to be undertaken includes the computation and comparison of  cyclical movements of tourism sector performance in response to the global economic and political changes.